“Ile ni a ti ń kó ẹṣọ rode” – Charity begins at home.

This popular Yoruba saying shows the belief that our values begin in our homes and communities. It is the foundation of Yoruba culture, one that respects family, tradition, and community. Similarly, Yoruba literature starts with stories, proverbs, and wisdom passed down through generations. It offers insight into the lives of the Yoruba people, sharing our pride and heritage and also the eagerness to pass it on.

In this article, we’ll explore Yoruba literature, from its oral traditions to its modern literary works. We’ll also see how these stories from the past continue to shape us today. So, grab some Ikokore, relax, and discover the tales, proverbs, and stories that still inspire us today.

Yoruba Oral Tradition

Yoruba literature began with oral traditions—stories, songs, and knowledge passed down by word of mouth. Remember a time before books or the internet, when people gathered around fires or in village squares to listen to stories? These tales weren’t just for fun; they taught valuable lessons, explained mysteries, and kept the history of the Yoruba alive.

African Tales by Moonlight

One of the most famous characters in Yoruba folktales is the Tortoise, known as “Ijapa.” He’s a clever trickster, always looking for ways to outsmart others, but his schemes often get him into trouble.

In one story, long ago, Tortoise lived with his wife in a small hut and worked hard on his farm. But he always wanted more and was constantly looking for ways to get rich quickly.

One day, he saw a huge flock of birds flying overhead. It was a sight to behold—thousands of birds, from parrots to eagles, filling the sky. Tortoise, curious, called out to them. Most flew by without noticing, but a few kind-hearted birds flew down to see what he wanted.

“What’s going on?” Tortoise asked, his eyes wide with excitement.

“We’re off to a grand party in heaven, hosted by Olodumare!” Dove cooed.

“A party in heaven?” Tortoise asked. “Why wasn’t I invited?”

Dove hesitated and then said, “The invitation was for birds only.”

“That’s not fair!” Tortoise complained. “I have just as much right to go. I’m tired of eating only cassava from my little farm.”

Feeling sorry for him, Dove said, “I can take you as my guest. I’m sure Olodumare won’t mind one more.”

Tortoise was thrilled but quickly realized he had no wings. “How will I fly to heaven?” he asked.

“Don’t worry,” Dove said. “We’ll each give you a feather to make wings.”

The birds collected feathers and attached them to Tortoise, turning him into a fluffy, feathered creature. With a running start, Tortoise was soon flying alongside Dove, heading to the party in heaven.

But Tortoise, being sneaky, came up with a plan to make sure he got more food. He suggested that they split into two groups: ‘All of you’ and ‘All of us.’ He said he would be in ‘All of you’ as the guest, while the birds could be ‘All of us.’ Dove and the other birds, not suspecting anything, agreed.

When they reached heaven, the angels asked who was in attendance. The birds said, “All of us,” while Tortoise proudly said, “All of you.”

Inside the banquet hall, the tables were covered with delicious food—juicy fruits, steaming stews, and waterfalls of palm wine. Tortoise quickly asked, “Who is all this food for?”

Dove replied, “For all of us.”

But Tortoise went to the angels and asked the same question, and they answered, “It’s for ‘All of you,’ as you said.”

With a sly smile, Tortoise said, “That means the food is mine alone!” And he began eating as much as he could, while the birds, realizing they’d been tricked, could only watch.

Angry, the birds went to Olodumare, but he told them that rules were rules. Since they had called themselves ‘All of us,’ the food was indeed for ‘All of you’—Tortoise. With no food for them, the birds watched as Tortoise stuffed himself.

Finally, one bird couldn’t take it anymore. He walked up to Tortoise and plucked the feather he had given him. One by one, the other birds did the same, leaving Tortoise with only a few scraggly feathers.

Realizing he couldn’t fly back down, Tortoise begged Dove to deliver a message to his wife. “Tell her to gather all the soft things—mats, leaves, pillows—and place them outside our farm, so I can land safely.”

Dove saw a chance for revenge. Instead, he told Mrs. Tortoise to pile up sharp objects—hoes, rocks, sharp sticks—outside their home, saying it would help her husband trap a terrible creature.

When Tortoise looked down from heaven, he saw the shiny pile below and thought it was a safe bed. After one last meal, he jumped.

But Tortoise landed on the sharp pile with a crash. His shell shattered into pieces, the sound echoing across the land.

From that day on, Tortoise’s shell was never smooth again. It remained cracked and rough, a reminder of how his greed and trickery cost him dearly. This story teaches us that being greedy and tricky can have painful consequences.

The Yoruba oral tradition is also rich with myths about the Orishas—powerful deities representing different parts of nature and life. Stories about Ogun, the god of iron, and Sango, the god of thunder, teach about nature and human behavior. Ogun’s tales remind the Yoruba of the value of hard work, while Sango’s stories show the power of nature. These stories were used to pass on values and to explain the world.

The oral tradition includes Ifá, a form of divination using verses called Odu Ifá. Priests, or babalawos, memorize these verses to guide people. Each verse holds wisdom and stories that help in making decisions. Ifá keeps the art of Yoruba poetry alive, passing down ancient knowledge even today. Storytelling also remains central in Yoruba culture, with festivals and gatherings where elders share tales, keeping these traditions alive.

Yoruba Proverbs

Proverbs are like little nuggets of wisdom, and in Yoruba culture, they hold a special place. They teach important life lessons using just a few words, often drawing from nature and everyday experiences. You’ll often hear elders share these proverbs with children, guiding them on how to live wisely and respectfully.

Yoruba Proverbs, Quotes & Sayings + Their Meanings

One popular Yoruba proverb is “Ilé Ọba tó jo, ẹwà ló bùsi.” which means “When a king’s palace burns down, the rebuilt palace turns out even more beautiful.” It’s a way of saying that tough times can lead to new growth and improvement. It encourages us to see challenges as opportunities to rebuild and become even stronger.

Another well-known saying is “Ọmọ tó káwo sókè ló fẹ́ ká gbé oún.”, or “It’s the child that lifts its arms that asks to be picked.” This reminds us that it’s okay to ask for help when we need it. It teaches that seeking support is not a sign of weakness but a sign of knowing when to reach out to others.

Some proverbs give gentle warnings, like “A kì í gbé sáré kọjá a mósálásí” (“One does not carry alms beyond the mosque”). It’s a reminder not to take advantage of others’ generosity. These proverbs often come up in everyday conversations, helping people reflect on their actions and choices.

In Yoruba culture, proverbs are sometimes called “the horses of words.” When simple words are not enough, a well-chosen proverb can express exactly what needs to be said. Those who are skilled in using proverbs earn respect in the community because they have a way of getting to the heart of a matter.

Proverbs can be clever and even a bit challenging. For example, there’s a saying: “Erin kì í fọ́n kí ọmọ rẹ̀ fọ́n” (“Mother elephant and baby elephant do not trumpet at the same time”). It’s often used to suggest that a parent shouldn’t overshadow their child. But a witty response might be “Fèrè kó pé méjì nì” (“Only if there is not more than one trumpet”). This means that sometimes, both can thrive together if there is room for everyone to shine.

Yoruba proverbs also teach balance. For instance, “Kira kità k’ó mọ́lá, ká ṣiṣẹ́ bí ẹrú kó dà ǹkankan” (“Strenuous labour does not guarantee wealth”) suggests that working too hard without balance might not always lead to success. But then there’s “Ìṣẹ́ lóògùn ìṣẹ́” (“Work is the cure for poverty”), which highlights that hard work is still necessary. Together, these proverbs remind us that while effort is important, it’s also about finding the right balance.

Some proverbs are inspired by nature, like “Obè kan kì í mú kí o gbé èékú ara rẹ” (“No knife is so sharp that it can carve its own hilt”). It means that no matter how skilled or smart you are, there are times when you’ll need help from others. It’s a gentle reminder not to let pride get in the way of seeking support.

Yoruba proverbs are also used to talk about fairness and justice. For example, “A gb’éjò ìdì kan dá, àgbà òsìkà ni” (“A person who judges after hearing only one side is wicked”) emphasizes the need for fairness. But there’s also a more realistic side, like “Ẹniti kò ní baba n’ìgbéjò, bó bá rò ẹ̀jọ́ arẹ, ẹbí ni í jẹ” (“A person without a mentor in a judgment case often loses, even if they are right”). This recognizes that sometimes, connections and support can make a difference.

Development of Written Yoruba Literature

For many years, Yoruba stories have been passed down from one generation to another. This began to change in the 19th century when missionaries and Western education introduced writing. Before this, the Yoruba language had no written form, but it was filled with stories and history.

Bishop Samuel Ajayi Crowther, a Yoruba man, was one of the first to write down the Yoruba language using the Latin alphabet. In 1843, he published a Yoruba grammar book, teaching people how to read and write in Yoruba. This allowed Yoruba stories and proverbs to be recorded in books.

Bishop Samuel Ajayi Crowther

The first novel written in Yoruba was Ogboju Ode ninu Igbo Irunmale, or “The Brave Hunter in the Forest of 400 Deities,” by Daniel O. Fagunwa in 1938. It tells of a hunter’s adventures in a magical forest filled with spirits. The book mixed the storytelling style of the Yoruba people with the new written form, becoming a classic.

Writing helped preserve Yoruba culture, making it possible to keep records of stories and religious texts, like the Ifá verses. It ensured that Yoruba knowledge would survive even as times changed. Today, written Yoruba works are still important, alongside the oral tradition that has been passed down through the ages.

Famous Works and Authors

Many talented writers have contributed to Yoruba literature, using their words to share the stories of their people. Some wrote in Yoruba, while others used English to reach more readers. Their work has made Yoruba culture known around the world.

Daniel O. Fagunwa is one of the most famous writers in Yoruba literature. His novel was the first to put Yoruba folktales into a written form. Fagunwa’s stories combine real-life settings with magical events telling the richness of the Yoruba story.

Amos Tutuola is another great writer. He became famous for his book The Palm-Wine Drinkard in 1952, which tells the story of a man’s journey through a strange world to find his dead palm-wine tapster. Tutuola wrote in English, but his stories are filled with Yoruba traditions. His unique style brought African stories to the attention of readers all over the world.

Amos Tutuola

Wole Soyinka, a Nobel Prize-winning playwright, is another key figure. He writes plays, poems, and essays that explore Yoruba myths and ideas. His work often deals with themes like justice and freedom. He uses characters from Yoruba mythology, like Ogun, to discuss creativity and struggle. Soyinka’s work shows how Yoruba literature can address universal issues while staying true to its roots.

Wole Soyinka

These authors have kept Yoruba literature in our hearts, showing that stories from the past can still speak to us today helping the new generations connect with their roots.

Yoruba Theatre

Yoruba theatre has always been a big part of the culture, mixing storytelling, music, and lively performances. It all started with the Egungun masquerades, where performers dressed in colourful masks would represent the spirits of ancestors. Imagine a time when these masked dancers moved through the village, drumming and chanting, believed to bring blessings from the spirit world. It was magical and significant.

From these roots, Aláàrìnjó theatre was born. These traveling performers brought their shows to different villages, using masks, comedy, and acrobatics to entertain. Their shows were like a moving classroom, teaching people important lessons about life while making them laugh and cheer. They helped keep Yoruba traditions alive with every performance.

In the 20th century, Hubert Ogunde came along and shook things up. Known as the “father of modern Yoruba theatre,” he started Nigeria’s first professional theatre company in 1945. Ogunde used his plays to talk about things like colonial rule, independence, and the struggles of everyday people. He made theatre a space where big issues could be discussed, while still keeping that traditional Yoruba flair.

Hubert Ogunde

Duro Ladipo is another legendary figure who brought Yoruba culture to the stage in a powerful way. He is known for his epic plays like Oba Koso, which tells the story of Sango, the god of thunder. Duro Ladipo’s work combined drama, music, and mythology, creating performances that were both educational and captivating.

Kola Ogunmola also significantly contributed to Yoruba theatre, especially with his adaptation of classic Yoruba folktales. His play The Palm-Wine Drinkard, based on Amos Tutuola’s famous book, is a perfect blend of Yoruba storytelling with a modern theatrical touch. Ogunmola’s work brought a new energy to Yoruba drama, making it even more engaging for audiences.

Yoruba Theatre and Nollywood

When Nollywood, Nigeria’s film industry, took off in the 1990s, Yoruba theatre jumped right in. Many of those traditional plays and stories became movies, bringing old tales to new audiences. Today, Yoruba theatre is stronger than ever, blending classic stories with modern filmmaking.

Tunde Kelani is a name you can’t miss when talking about Yoruba cinema. He’s a master at turning Yoruba culture into beautiful films. Movies like Saworoide and Maami are filled with rich storytelling, vibrant characters, and the heartbeat of Yoruba life. Kelani makes sure that the essence of the culture shines through in every scene.

Tunde Kelani

But he’s not alone. Kunle Afolayan, a filmmaker known for blending tradition with innovation, has made a huge impact on Nollywood. With movies like Anikulapo and The Figurine, he explores Yoruba myths and spirituality while using modern filmmaking techniques. His work has brought Yoruba stories to global audiences, especially through platforms like Netflix.

Kunle Afolayan

Another notable figure is Femi Adebayo, who is not just a celebrated actor but also a filmmaker. He directed and starred in Jagun Jagun, a gripping tale of warriors and bravery. His storytelling and action scenes have made it a fan favorite on streaming platforms, showcasing the richness of Yoruba culture.

Femi Adebayo

Yoruba Films on Netflix

Yoruba stories are now making waves on Netflix, where people around the world can watch them. Here are some of the latest Yoruba films that are making a splash:

Anikulapo: This one is a magical story that blends love, power, and ancient Yoruba myths. It pulls you into a world where the supernatural meets human desires.

Anikulapo

Jagun Jagun: Think warriors, epic battles, and tales of betrayal and courage. It’s a thrilling dive into old Yoruba tales, brought to life with action and drama.

Jagun Jagun

Ayinla: This film is a heartfelt tribute to Ayinla Omowura, a legendary Yoruba musician known for his Apala music. Set in the 1970s, it tells the story of his rise to fame and the tragic events that cut his life short. With amazing music and a gripping story, Ayinla brings the energy and spirit of Yoruba music right to your screen.

Ayinla

Ẹlẹ́ṣin Ọba (The King’s Horseman): Based on Wole Soyinka’s famous play, this movie tells the story of Ẹlẹ́ṣin, a royal horseman who must sacrifice his life to join his king in the afterlife. However, things take an unexpected turn due to colonial interference and his desires. It’s a powerful tale of duty, tradition, and the clash between ancient Yoruba customs and modern influences.

Ẹlẹ́ṣin Ọba (The King’s Horseman)

House of Ga’a: This gripping drama digs into family secrets and ancient traditions. It’s all about balancing the old ways with the new, and it keeps you on the edge of your seat.

House of Ga’a

Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti: A must-watch story about one of Nigeria’s most powerful women, who fought for justice and women’s rights. It’s an inspiring tale of bravery and the fight for freedom.

Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti

Ijogbon: A fresh story about the challenges of youth and the choices we make. It captures what it’s like to grow up in Yoruba society, mixing tradition with the realities of today.

Ijogbon

Lisabi: This historical drama tells the story of a fearless Yoruba warrior who fought for freedom. It’s a powerful reminder of courage and the strength of the Yoruba people.

Lisabi

These movies bring the essence of Yoruba theatre—its stories, values, and traditions—to screens everywhere. They keep the classic tales alive while adding a modern touch, making them fun and fresh for today’s audience.

Modern Yoruba Literature

Yoruba literature has evolved, but it remains deeply connected to its roots. Modern writers continue to explore themes of tradition, community, and change. They write about life in Nigeria’s cities, the challenges of modern families, and how to keep Yoruba culture vibrant.

While folktales and proverbs remain important, today’s writers also address topics like politics and identity. Many write in both Yoruba and English, helping their stories reach a wider audience. This keeps the Yoruba language alive while sharing its culture with the world.

Akinwunmi Isola is one example. He wrote novels and plays in Yoruba, focusing on the importance of language and culture. Isola believed that writing in Yoruba helped keep the language strong. His stories encourage people to embrace modern life without forgetting their roots.

The internet has opened new doors for Yoruba literature, with writers sharing poems and stories online. This helps young people connect with their heritage, even if they live far from Nigeria. Online platforms like DiscoverYorùbá! allow Yoruba stories to reach new audiences, ensuring that the wisdom of the past can be heard in the digital age.

FAQs: Yoruba Folklore and Literature

What is folklore in Yoruba?

Yoruba folklore is a collection of traditional stories, myths, and legends passed down through generations. It includes tales of clever characters like the Tortoise (Ijapa), stories about powerful gods and spirits called Orishas, and wise sayings or proverbs. 

What is the literature of the Yoruba culture?

Yoruba literature includes both oral and written stories. It began with storytelling, songs, proverbs, and poetry shared by word of mouth. These stories were used to teach, entertain, and keep history alive. Later, in the 19th century, these tales started to be written down. Today, Yoruba literature includes books, plays, poems, and folktales written in Yoruba and English. Authors like Daniel O. Fagunwa, Amos Tutuola, and Wole Soyinka have helped bring Yoruba stories to readers all over the world, sharing the culture of the Yoruba people.

What is the brief history of Yoruba?

The Yoruba are one of the largest ethnic groups in West Africa, mainly living in southwestern Nigeria. Their history goes back thousands of years, with Ile-Ife as their spiritual home. According to Yoruba tradition, Oduduwa, a respected leader, founded the first Yoruba kingdom in Ile-Ife. Over time, other important city-states like Oyo, Ijebu, and Ibadan were established. The Yoruba have a rich culture, known for their art, music, religion, and storytelling. Even with outside influences, the Yoruba people have kept their traditions and continue to celebrate their culture today.

Who is the first Yoruba writer?

The first known Yoruba writer is Daniel O. Fagunwa. He wrote a famous book called Ogboju Ode Ninu Igbo Irunmale (“The Brave Hunter in the Forest of 400 Deities”) in 1938. It was the first novel written in the Yoruba language, and it brought traditional Yoruba stories to life on the page. Fagunwa’s book combined the magic of Yoruba folktales with written storytelling, paving the way for other writers like Wole Soyinka and Amos Tutuola. His work helped preserve the rich tradition of Yoruba storytelling for future generations.

References

Yoruba literature – Wikipedia 

aspects of yoruba oral tradition: importance, richness and limits in the context of unfreedom 

How Tortoise’ gluttony cost him his shell – Yoruba Folk Tales 

Yorùbá Proverbs, Names and National Consciousness